which enables it to dissolve in organic solvents such as alcohols, DMF, and ether. The good solubility of cesium carbonate in organic 

solvents enables it to participate as an effective inorganic base in many palladium catalyzed chemical reactions, such as Heck, Suzuki, 

and Sonogashira reactions. As shown in Equation 1 [1], the Suzuki cross coupling reaction can achieve a yield of 86% under the promotion 

of cesium carbonate. However, the same reaction yields only 29% and 50% in the presence of sodium carbonate or triethylamine. In the 

Heck reaction between methacrylate and chlorobenzene, cesium carbonate exhibits significant advantages over other inorganic bases 

such as potassium carbonate, sodium acetate, triethylamine, and potassium phosphate (Equation 2) [2]

Cesium carbonate also has very important applications in the O-alkylation reaction of phenol compounds. The O-alkylation reaction of 

phenol induced by cesium carbonate in non-aqueous solvents is likely to undergo a phenoxy anion. Therefore, the use of highly active 

and highly reactive secondary halogenated compounds can also undergo alkylation reactions (Equation 3) [3].

Cesium carbonate also has important applications in the synthesis of natural products. For example, in the total synthesis of natural 

product Lipogrammastin-A, using cesium carbonate as an inorganic base can yield a closed-loop product with high yield (Equation 4) [4].

Due to its good solubility in organic solvents, cesium carbonate also has important applications in solid supported organic reactions. 

For example, in a carbon dioxide atmosphere, it can promote the three component reaction between aniline and solid supported 

halogenated compounds, and synthesize carboxylic acid esters or carbamate compounds with high yield (formula 5) [5]. Under microwave 

radiation, cesium carbonate as a base can also achieve esterification reaction between benzoic acid and solid supported halogenated compounds 

(Equation 6) [6].